For the second time this year, western and central Europe are experiencing a prolonged period of extreme heat. Record-breaking temperatures are expected this June across countries such as Britain, Spain, and France. The primary cause of this heat wave is a robust high-pressure area situated over continental Europe. This weather pattern is commonly known as a ‘heat dome.’
A heat dome is an extensive and persistent high-pressure system located high in the atmosphere. It traps heat over a region for several days or more. Heat domes can develop anywhere around the world.
The Royal Meteorological Society in Reading, England, likens the high-pressure system to a lid on a pot. It restricts the ascent of air, preventing warm air near the Earth’s surface from rising and forming clouds. With fewer clouds present, more sunshine reaches the ground, causing temperatures to rise daily.
According to Météo-France, France’s national weather agency, these tenacious high-pressure systems can also block or redirect incoming weather fronts. As a result, the affected areas experience clear skies and minimal rainfall.
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