Jasmir Urbina, an asylum-seeker from Nicaragua, faced a challenging situation as immigration sweeps and legal resident arrests became more frequent in the United States. She and her husband resided legally in New Orleans, checking in regularly with immigration officials while awaiting a court date in November 2025. However, fears intensified when reports emerged of federal officers flooding the region as part of “Operation Swamp Sweep.”
Encountering a Scammer
In need of assistance, Urbina discovered a Facebook post promoting the services of Catholic Charities, an organization known for supporting immigrants. After a few online interactions, she connected with “Susan Millan” via WhatsApp, who claimed to be a lawyer. The image associated with Millan appeared credible, depicting her with a library backdrop.
Urbina discussed her case with Millan and was told her immigration issues could be addressed through a virtual hearing. Millan shared personal anecdotes, which made Urbina feel at ease. However, Urbina had to pay fees for documentation submissions. Extensive financial records show Urbina and her husband paid almost $10,000 using the Zelle app, money saved for purchasing a home.
A Fraud Unfolds
During a five-minute virtual hearing, Urbina spoke to a man in a green uniform with apparent government insignia. Millan later informed her she had “won residency” and didn’t need to attend her upcoming court date. Yet, communication with Millan ceased, and Urbina realized she had fallen victim to fraud: there was no attorney named Susan Millan linked to Catholic Charities.
Urbina’s case is a prime example of “notario fraud” wherein fraudsters pose as legal experts. In many parts of Latin America, public notaries hold the status of lawyers, and scammers exploit this misconception. Urbina, revealing her ordeal, urged authorities to recognize her experience. Consequently, her December virtual check-in was altered to an in-person meeting with immigration officials, leading to her arrest and eventual deportation to Nicaragua.
An Increasing Issue
Deceptive practices like those affecting Urbina are on the rise, particularly amid heightened immigration enforcement actions. ProPublica examined over 6,200 complaints filed with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) over five years, observing a notable increase in such scams. In 2025 alone, around 2,000 complaints emerged, with frauds involving fake attorneys or individuals posing as federal officers.
Financially, at least $94.4 million has been reported stolen over five years, a figure likely underreported due to immigrant fears of deportation. Consequently, states and legal bodies have begun warning the public. Actions such as New York City Council’s legislation against notario fraud have been enacted to curb this issue.
Technology Fuels Sophistication
Scams targeting immigrants have evolved, now using advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) to dupe victims. Misleading images, professional-looking photos, and elaborate virtual hearings contribute to their success. Many scams appear on Facebook, TikTok, and other social media platforms, exploiting the uncertainty among immigrants regarding swift deportations.
Some scammers claim affiliation with legal firms or government bodies. For example, San Diego attorneys have been impersonated in fake ads, leading to intervention by the FBI. Various scams also pose as Department of Homeland Security agents, demanding money for fictitious issues.
Public Alerts Rising
Authorities urge immigrants to verify organizations offline, such as visiting offices or making phone calls directly. Despite increased awareness, scams persist, exploiting the fears and vulnerability of those navigating complex immigration systems. Jasmir Urbina’s unique struggle highlights the devastating impact of such deception, affecting both finances and dreams for a better life.