ADHD and Increased Risk of Early Death

Individuals diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have a significantly higher risk of early death compared to those without the condition. A new review published in JAMA Network Open highlights this increased risk, which is approximately 71% higher for those with ADHD.

Research indicates that taking prescription ADHD medication may provide a protective benefit by reducing the overall risk of death. The analysis encompassed data from 19 observational studies, involving nearly 16 million people across three continents, to assess the long-term effects associated with ADHD.

The review considered unnatural causes of death, such as injuries and suicide, and natural causes, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

The study found elevated mortality rates across all categories for individuals with ADHD when compared to those without the diagnosis. According to Professor Joshua Stott of University College London, people with ADHD face a higher risk of death from both unnatural and natural causes. This finding expands on the evidence of health inequalities faced by individuals with ADHD.

The risk of death by suicide nearly doubled, showing an 89% increase, while the risk from injuries, including motor vehicle accidents, was 55% higher. Even for natural causes, there was a 27% increased risk for those with ADHD. These include long-term health risks like smoking and substance use, which, coupled with executive function challenges, make managing chronic conditions more difficult.

Prescription ADHD medication is linked to a 25% lower risk of death from any cause among individuals with the condition. This suggests that effective treatment can mitigate some behavioral effects and health risks associated with ADHD.

Senior author Joshua Stott stated, “ADHD is not by definition a life-limiting condition, as the right support and treatment can help individuals live long and healthy lives.” The findings stress the importance of ensuring proper diagnosis and treatment access for everyone potentially affected by ADHD.

Despite the findings, researchers caution about the limitations. The included studies were observational, indicating associations rather than direct causations. The role of ADHD medication was examined in only three of the 19 studies, making those results preliminary.

The studies showed wide variations due to different diagnostic criteria, healthcare access, and tracking methods. Factors like socioeconomic status and other mental health conditions were not controlled. First author Lucy Corrigan emphasized that while medication is important, comprehensive, long-term treatment and support benefit many with ADHD.